Atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as eczema, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that causes red, itchy, and inflamed skin. It is most common in children but can affect individuals of all ages. The exact cause of AD is unclear, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. People with AD often have a family history of allergies, asthma, or hay fever, indicating a genetic predisposition to allergic conditions.

AD occurs when the skin's protective barrier is weakened, allowing irritants, allergens, and bacteria to penetrate more easily. This leads to inflammation and irritation. Common symptoms include intense itching, dry patches of skin, redness, and scaling. The affected areas typically appear on the face, hands, feet, and behind the knees or elbows, though it can appear anywhere on the body.

Triggers of atopic dermatitis can vary from person to person but often include environmental factors like extreme temperatures, harsh soaps, allergens, and stress. While there is no cure for AD, treatments aim to control symptoms, manage flare-ups, and restore the skin’s barrier function. This can include moisturizers, topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, and in some cases, immune-modulating therapies. Managing triggers and maintaining proper skin care are essential for long-term control of the condition.